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Science and technology in Africa has unfolded since the dawn of human history. The first evidence of tool use and tool making by our hominid ancestors is interred in valleys across Sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, forty percent of African-born scientists live in OECD countries, predominantly NATO and EU countries. This has been described as an African brain drain.〔Gabara, Nthambeleni. (''Developed Nations Should Invest In African Universities'' ). Buanews, 12 November 2009〕 Sub-Saharan African countries spent on average 0.3% of their GDP on S&T (Science and Technology) in 2007. This represents a combined increase from US$1.8bn in 2002 to US$2.8bn in 2007. North African countries spend a comparative 0.4% of GDP on research, an increase from US$2.6bn in 2002 to US$3.3bn in 2007. Exempting South Africa, the continent has augmented its collective science funding by about 50% in the last decade. Notably outstripping its neighbor states, South Africa spends 0.87% of GDP on science and technology research.〔Nordling, Linda. (''Africa Analysis: Progress on science spending?'' ). ScidevNet, 29 October 2009.〕〔(''South Africa’s Investment in Research and Development on the Rise'' ). Department of Science and Technology: Science and Technology, 22 June 2006.〕 Although technology parks have a long history in the US and Europe, their presence across Africa is still limited, as the continent currently lags behind other regions of the world in terms of funding technological development and innovation.〔() 〕 Only six countries (Morocco, Egypt, Senegal, Madagascar, Tunisia and South Africa) have made technology park construction an integral piece of their development goals. In recent years, a greater volume of African countries have embraced technology as a driver of development, e.g. Kenya's Vision 2030 and Rwanda's rapid ICT growth. Telecom innovation in particular has broadly improved quality of life across sub-Saharan Africa. Also, continent-wide membership in social networking sites such as Facebook has risen to over 100,000 by 2012. ==Early humans== As modern man first developed in the Great Rift Valley of Africa, the first development of tools is found there as well: * Homo habilis, residing in East Africa, developed the first toolmaking industry, the Olduwan, around 2.3 million BCE. * Homo ergaster developed the Acheulean stone tool industry, specifically hand-axes, in Africa, 1.5 million BCE. This tool industry spread to the Middle East and Europe around 800,000 to 600,000 BCE. Homo erectus begins using fire. * Homo sapiens sapiens or modern humans created bone tools and the back blade around 90,000 to 60,000 BCE, in Southern and East Africa. The use of bone tools and back blades became characteristic of later stone tool industries.〔Ehret, Christopher (2002). ''The Civilizations of Africa''. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, pp. 22, ISBN 0-8139-2085-X.〕 The appearance of abstract art is during this period. The oldest abstract art in the world is a shell necklace dated 82,000 years in the Cave of Pigeons in Taforalt, eastern Morocco. The second oldest abstract art and the oldest rock art is found in the Blombos Cave at the cape in South Africa, dated 77,000 years. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of science and technology in Africa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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